https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling
Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling (/ˈpɔːlɪŋ/; February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics.[4] New Scientist called him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time,[5] and as of 2000, he was rated the 16th most important scientist in history.[6] For his scientific work, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. For his peace activism, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. He is one of four individuals to have won more than one Nobel Prize (the others being Marie Curie, John Bardeen and Frederick Sanger).[7] Of these, he is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes,[8] and one of two people to be awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields, the other being Marie Curie.[7] He was married to the American human rights activist Ava Helen Pauling.
Linus Pauling
ForMemRS

Linus Pauling in 1962
Born
Linus Carl Pauling
February 28, 1901
Portland, Oregon, U.S.
DiedAugust 19, 1994(aged 93)
Big Sur, California, U.S.
NationalityAmericanEducation
Oregon State University (BS)
California Institute of Technology(PhD)
Known for
Alpha sheet
Beta sheet
Bond order
Breath gas analysis
Coiled coil
Corey-Pauling rules
CPK coloring
Crystal structure prediction
Electronegativity
Elucidating chemical bondsand molecular structures
Ice-type model
Linear combination of atomic orbitals
Molecular clock
Molecular medicine
Orbital overlap
Pauling equation
Pauling’s rules
Pauling–Corey–Branson alpha helix
Pauling’s principle of electroneutrality
Quantum chemistry
Quantum graph
Residual entropy
Resonance (chemistry)
Space-filling model
Valence bond theory
Vitamin C megadosage
Xenic acid
Advocating nuclear disarmament
Spouse(s)
Ava Helen Miller
(m. 1923; d. 1981)
Children4, including Peter PaulingAwards
ACS Award in Pure Chemistry (1931)
Irving Langmuir Award (1931)
Member of the National Academy of Sciences(1933)
Davy Medal (1947)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1954)
Nobel Peace Prize(1962)
Roebling Medal(1967)
Lenin Peace Prize(1968–69)
National Medal of Science (1974)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1977)
NAS Award in Chemical Sciences (1979)
Priestley Medal(1984)
Vannevar Bush Award (1989)
Scientific careerFields
Quantum chemistry
Biochemistry
InstitutionsAs faculty memberCaltech (1927–1963)UC San Diego(1967–1969)Stanford (1969–1975)
As fellow
Cornell University(1937–1938)University of Oxford (1948)Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions(1963–1967)ThesisThe Determination with X-Rays of the Structures of Crystals (1925[3])Doctoral advisorRoscoe Dickinson
Richard Tolman[1]Other academic advisorsArnold Sommerfeld
Niels Bohr[2]Doctoral studentsMartin Karplus
Jerry Donohue
Matthew Meselson
Robert E. Rundle
Edgar Bright Wilson
William Lipscomb[1]SignatureNotes
The only person to win two unshared Nobel Prizes.
Pauling was one of the founders of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology.[9] His contributions to the theory of the chemical bond include the concept of orbital hybridisation and the first accurate scale of electronegativities of the elements. Pauling also worked on the structures of biological molecules, and showed the importance of the alpha helix and beta sheet in protein secondary structure. Pauling’s approach combined methods and results from X-ray crystallography, molecular model building, and quantum chemistry. His discoveries inspired the work of James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin on the structure of DNA, which in turn made it possible for geneticists to crack the DNA code of all organisms.[10]
In his later years he promoted nuclear disarmament, as well as orthomolecular medicine, megavitamin therapy,[11] and dietary supplements. None of the latter have gained much acceptance in the mainstream scientific community.[5][12]
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