Bismarck was a 19th-century Prussian and German statesman. Under his leadership, Prussia defeated Austria and France, and Germany was united. He was appointed premier in 1862 and became chancellor of the North German Confederation in 1867. When the new German Empire formed in 1871, he became its first chancellor, gaining almost complete control of foreign and domestic affairs and eventually earning the nickname “Iron Chancellor.” What was the Kulturkampf, and why did he encourage it? More…Discuss
Frederick the Great was the Hohenzollern King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. One of the “enlightened despots” of 18th-century Europe, he instituted numerous economic, civil, and social reforms, was tolerant in religious matters, and promoted education and the arts. He was also an excellent military commander and tactician under whose leadership Prussia became a recognized power in Europe. Why did Frederick’s father have him arrested at 18 and force him to watch the beheading of his friend? More…Discuss
The Brandenburg Gate is the last surviving town gate of Berlin, Germany. When completed in 1791, the lavish gate greeted visitors to the boulevard that led directly to the Prussian palace. Architect Carl G. Langhans modeled the gate after the Propylea, the gateway to the Acropolis in Athens. On top was the “Quadriga of Victory,” a statue of a chariot drawn by four horses. Heavily damaged in World War II, the gate was restored in 1957. Why was it closed in 1961, and when did it reopen? More…Discuss
Pro Arte Orchester Munchen Kurt Redel Conductor From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Frederick II (German: Friedrich II.; 24 January 1712 – 17 August 1786) was King in Prussia (1740–1786) of theHohenzollern dynasty.[1] He is best known for his military victories, his reorganization of Prussian armies, his innovative drills and tactics, and his final success against great odds in the Seven Years’ War. He became known asFrederick the Great (Friedrich der Große) and was nicknamed Der Alte Fritz (“Old Fritz“).
The young prince was interested primarily in music and philosophy rather than the arts of war. He defied his authoritarian father, Frederick William I, and sought to run away with his close friend Hans Hermann von Katte. They were caught and the king nearly executed his son for “desertion”; he did force Frederick to watch the execution of Hans. Upon ascending to the Prussian throne, he attacked Austria and claimed Silesia during the Silesian Wars, winning military acclaim for himself and Prussia. Near the end of his life, Frederick physically connected most of his realm by conquering Polish territories in the First Partition of Poland.
Frederick was a proponent of enlightened absolutism. He modernized the Prussian bureaucracy and civil service and pursued religious policies throughout his realm that ranged from tolerance to oppression.[2] He reformed the judicial system and made it possible for men not of noble stock to become judges and senior bureaucrats. Some critics however point out his oppressive measures against conquered Polish subjects.[3][4] He limited freedom of citizens of his country and introduced harsh compulsory military service.
Frederick supported arts and philosophers he favored, but at the same enacted several laws censoring the press. Frederick is buried at his favorite residence, Sanssouci in Potsdam. Because he died childless, Frederick was succeeded by his nephew, Frederick William II of Prussia, son of his brother, Prince Augustus William of Prussia.
Nearly all 19th century German historians made Frederick into a romantic model of a glorified warrior, praising his leadership, administrative efficiency, devotion to duty and success in building up Prussia to a leading role in Europe. Historian Leopold von Ranke was unstinting in his praise of Frederick’s “Heroic life, inspired by great ideas, filled with feats of arms…immortalized by the raising of the Prussian state to the rank of a power.” Johann Gustav Droysen was even more favorable.[5] The Nazis glorified him as pre-figuring Hitler, but that was followed by a downgrading after 1945 in both East and West Germany.[6]
A Germanpathologist, anthropologist, and statesman, Virchow contributed to nearly every branch of medical science, was a member of the Prussianlower house and later the Reichstag, and was a leader of the liberal party opposed to Bismarck. He coined the terms “thrombosis” and “embolism” and supported emerging ideas on cell division and metabolism. Despite his many contributions, which earned him the appellation “Father of Modern Pathology,” he rejected the notion that what causes diseases? More…Discuss
The last absolute monarch of Denmark, if only for the first year of his reign, Frederick VII faced popular demonstrations calling for political reforms almost as soon as he ascended the throne. He acceded to many of the demands, appointing a liberal ministry, renouncing absolute rule, and adopting a representative government, but he rejected a proposal to cede a portion of Schleswig to Prussia. His position on this issue eventually led to war with Prussia. What was the popular king’s motto? More…Discuss
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