Category Archives: PEOPLE AND PLACES HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY
Frédérick Chopin
Chopin, daguerreotype by Bisson, c. 1849Frédéric François Chopin(UK: /ˈʃɒpæ̃/, US: /ʃoʊˈpæn/,[1][2]French: [ʃɔpɛ̃], Polish: [ˈʂɔpɛn]; 1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849) was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano. He has maintained worldwide renown as a leading musician of his era, one whose “poetic genius was based on a professional technique that was without equal in his generation.”[3]
Chopin was born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin in the Duchy of Warsaw and grew up in Warsaw, which in 1815 became part of Congress Poland. A child prodigy, he completed his musical education and composed his earlier works in Warsaw before leaving Poland at the age of 20, less than a month before the outbreak of the November 1830 Uprising. At 21, he settled in Paris. Thereafter—in the last 18 years of his life—he gave only 30 public performances, preferring the more intimate atmosphere of the salon. He supported himself by selling his compositions and by giving piano lessons, for which he was in high demand. Chopin formed a friendship with Franz Liszt and was admired by many of his other musical contemporaries (including Robert Schumann).
After a failed engagement to Maria Wodzińska from 1836 to 1837, he maintained an often troubled relationship with the French writer Amantine Dupin (known by her pen name, George Sand). A brief and unhappy visit to Majorca with Sand in 1838–39 would prove one of his most productive periods of composition. In his final years, he was supported financially by his admirer Jane Stirling, who also arranged for him to visit Scotland in 1848. For most of his life, Chopin was in poor health. He died in Paris in 1849 at the age of 39, probably of pericarditis aggravated by tuberculosis.
All of Chopin’s compositions include the piano. Most are for solo piano, though he also wrote two piano concertos, a few chamber pieces, and some 19 songs set to Polish lyrics. His piano writing was technically demanding and expanded the limits of the instrument: his own performances were noted for their nuance and sensitivity. Chopin invented the concept of the instrumental ballade. His major piano works also include mazurkas, waltzes, nocturnes, polonaises, études, impromptus, scherzos, preludes and sonatas, some published only posthumously. Among the influences on his style of composition were Polish folk music, the classical tradition of J. S. Bach, Mozart, and Schubert, and the atmosphere of the Paris salons of which he was a frequent guest. His innovations in style, harmony, and musical form, and his association of music with nationalism, were influential throughout and after the late Romantic period.
Chopin’s music, his status as one of music’s earliest superstars, his (indirect) association with political insurrection, his high-profile love-life, and his early death have made him a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying historical fidelity.
Life
Childhood
Chopin’s birthplace in Żelazowa WolaFryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola,[4] 46 kilometres (29 miles) west of Warsaw, in what was then the Duchy of Warsaw, a Polish state established by Napoleon. The parish baptismal record gives his birthday as 22 February 1810, and cites his given names in the Latin form Fridericus Franciscus[4] (in Polish, he was Fryderyk Franciszek).[5] However, the composer and his family used the birthdate 1 March,[n 1][4] which is now generally accepted as the correct date.[7]Chopin’s father, Nicolas Chopin, by Ambroży Mieroszewski, 1829Watch given by soprano Angelica Catalani to 9-year-old Chopin on 3 January 1820Fryderyk’s father, Nicolas Chopin, was a Frenchman from Lorraine who had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of sixteen.[8] Nicolas tutored children of the Polish aristocracy, and in 1806 married Tekla Justyna Krzyżanowska,[9] a poor relative of the Skarbeks, one of the families for whom he worked.[10] Fryderyk was baptised on Easter Sunday, 23 April 1810, in the same church where his parents had married, in Brochów.[4]His eighteen-year-old godfather, for whom he was named, was Fryderyk Skarbek, a pupil of Nicolas Chopin.[4]Fryderyk was the couple’s second child and only son; he had an elder sister, Ludwika (1807–1855), and two younger sisters, Izabela (1811–1881) and Emilia (1812–1827).[11] Nicolas was devoted to his adopted homeland, and insisted on the use of the Polish language in the household.[4]
In October 1810, six months after Fryderyk’s birth, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father acquired a post teaching French at the Warsaw Lyceum, then housed in the Saxon Palace. Fryderyk lived with his family in the Palace grounds. The father played the flute and violin;[12] the mother played the piano and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins kept.[13] Chopin was of slight build, and even in early childhood was prone to illnesses.[14]
Fryderyk may have had some piano instruction from his mother, but his first professional music tutor, from 1816 to 1821, was the Czech pianist Wojciech Żywny.[15] His elder sister Ludwika also took lessons from Żywny, and occasionally played duets with her brother.[16] It quickly became apparent that he was a child prodigy. By the age of seven Fryderyk had begun giving public concerts, and in 1817 he composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major.[17] His next work, a polonaise in A-flat major of 1821, dedicated to Żywny, is his earliest surviving musical manuscript.[15]
In 1817 the Saxon Palace was requisitioned by Warsaw’s Russian governor for military use, and the Warsaw Lyceum was reestablished in the Kazimierz Palace (today the rectorate of Warsaw University). Fryderyk and his family moved to a building, which still survives, adjacent to the Kazimierz Palace. During this period, Fryderyk was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of the ruler of Russian Poland, Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia; he played the piano for Constantine Pavlovich and composed a march for him. Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz, in his dramatic eclogue, “Nasze Przebiegi” (“Our Discourses”, 1818), attested to “little Chopin’s” popularity.[18]EducationEditFrom September 1823 to 1826, Chopin attended the Warsaw Lyceum, where he received organ lessons from the Czech musician Wilhelm Würfelduring his first year. In the autumn of 1826 he began a three-year course under the Silesian composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, studying music theory, figured bass, and composition.[19][n 2] Throughout this period he continued to compose and to give recitals in concerts and salons in Warsaw. He was engaged by the inventors of the “aeolomelodicon” (a combination of piano and mechanical organ), and on this instrument, in May 1825 he performed his own improvisation and part of a concerto by Moscheles. The success of this concert led to an invitation to give a recital on a similar instrument (the “aeolopantaleon”) before Tsar Alexander I, who was visiting Warsaw; the Tsar presented him with a diamond ring. At a subsequent aeolopantaleon concert on 10 June 1825, Chopin performed his Rondo Op. 1. This was the first of his works to be commercially published and earned him his first mention in the foreign press, when the Leipzig Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitungpraised his “wealth of musical ideas”.[20]Józef Elsner (after 1853)During 1824–28 Chopin spent his vacations away from Warsaw, at a number of locales.[n 3] In 1824 and 1825, at Szafarnia, he was a guest of Dominik Dziewanowski, the father of a schoolmate. Here for the first time, he encountered Polish rural folk music.[22] His letters home from Szafarnia (to which he gave the title “The Szafarnia Courier”), written in a very modern and lively Polish, amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster’s literary gift.
Wikipedia: Linus Pauling
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linus_Pauling
Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling (/ˈpɔːlɪŋ/; February 28, 1901 – August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator. He published more than 1,200 papers and books, of which about 850 dealt with scientific topics.[4] New Scientist called him one of the 20 greatest scientists of all time,[5] and as of 2000, he was rated the 16th most important scientist in history.[6] For his scientific work, Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954. For his peace activism, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1962. He is one of four individuals to have won more than one Nobel Prize (the others being Marie Curie, John Bardeen and Frederick Sanger).[7] Of these, he is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes,[8] and one of two people to be awarded Nobel Prizes in different fields, the other being Marie Curie.[7] He was married to the American human rights activist Ava Helen Pauling.
Linus Pauling
ForMemRS

Linus Pauling in 1962
Born
Linus Carl Pauling
February 28, 1901
Portland, Oregon, U.S.
DiedAugust 19, 1994(aged 93)
Big Sur, California, U.S.
NationalityAmericanEducation
Oregon State University (BS)
California Institute of Technology(PhD)
Known for
Alpha sheet
Beta sheet
Bond order
Breath gas analysis
Coiled coil
Corey-Pauling rules
CPK coloring
Crystal structure prediction
Electronegativity
Elucidating chemical bondsand molecular structures
Ice-type model
Linear combination of atomic orbitals
Molecular clock
Molecular medicine
Orbital overlap
Pauling equation
Pauling’s rules
Pauling–Corey–Branson alpha helix
Pauling’s principle of electroneutrality
Quantum chemistry
Quantum graph
Residual entropy
Resonance (chemistry)
Space-filling model
Valence bond theory
Vitamin C megadosage
Xenic acid
Advocating nuclear disarmament
Spouse(s)
Ava Helen Miller
(m. 1923; d. 1981)
Children4, including Peter PaulingAwards
ACS Award in Pure Chemistry (1931)
Irving Langmuir Award (1931)
Member of the National Academy of Sciences(1933)
Davy Medal (1947)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1954)
Nobel Peace Prize(1962)
Roebling Medal(1967)
Lenin Peace Prize(1968–69)
National Medal of Science (1974)
Lomonosov Gold Medal (1977)
NAS Award in Chemical Sciences (1979)
Priestley Medal(1984)
Vannevar Bush Award (1989)
Scientific careerFields
Quantum chemistry
Biochemistry
InstitutionsAs faculty memberCaltech (1927–1963)UC San Diego(1967–1969)Stanford (1969–1975)
As fellow
Cornell University(1937–1938)University of Oxford (1948)Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions(1963–1967)ThesisThe Determination with X-Rays of the Structures of Crystals (1925[3])Doctoral advisorRoscoe Dickinson
Richard Tolman[1]Other academic advisorsArnold Sommerfeld
Niels Bohr[2]Doctoral studentsMartin Karplus
Jerry Donohue
Matthew Meselson
Robert E. Rundle
Edgar Bright Wilson
William Lipscomb[1]SignatureNotes
The only person to win two unshared Nobel Prizes.
Pauling was one of the founders of the fields of quantum chemistry and molecular biology.[9] His contributions to the theory of the chemical bond include the concept of orbital hybridisation and the first accurate scale of electronegativities of the elements. Pauling also worked on the structures of biological molecules, and showed the importance of the alpha helix and beta sheet in protein secondary structure. Pauling’s approach combined methods and results from X-ray crystallography, molecular model building, and quantum chemistry. His discoveries inspired the work of James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin on the structure of DNA, which in turn made it possible for geneticists to crack the DNA code of all organisms.[10]
In his later years he promoted nuclear disarmament, as well as orthomolecular medicine, megavitamin therapy,[11] and dietary supplements. None of the latter have gained much acceptance in the mainstream scientific community.[5][12]
Wikipedia: Epidemia de coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
https://ro.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemia_de_coronavirus_%282019-nCoV%29
Epidemia de coronavirus (2019-nCoV)
Acest articol sau secțiune este de actualitate.
Informațiile se pot schimba rapid odată cu desfășurarea evenimentelor.Epidemia de coronavirus (COVID-19)BoalaCOVID-19Tulpina de virusCoronavirusul sindromului respirator acut sever 2(SARS-CoV-2)Primul caz1 decembrie 2019OrigineWuhan, Hubei, Republica Populară ChinezăMorți2.801Cazuri confirmate82.187Modifică date / text
Focar
Harta focarului de coronvirus Wuhan 2019-2020, cu număr de cazuri în China, Hong Kong, Macau și Taiwan.
Suspectate
Confirmate: 1–9
Confirmate: 10–99
Confirmate: 100–999
Confirmate: ≥1000
Harta focarului de coronvirus Wuhan 2019-2020 (începând cu 24 ianuarie 2020):
Țara de origine de unde a provenit coronavirusul (China)
Cazuri confirmate
Cazuri suspecte raportate pe țară
Epidemia de coronavirus 2019-nCoV, cunoscut și sub denumirea de coronavirus Wuhan, focar de pneumonie chineză sau pneumonie Wuhan (chineză simplificată: 武汉肺炎; chineză tradițională: 武漢肺炎; pinyin: Wǔhàn fèiyán) a început pe 12 decembrie 2019 în centrul orașului Wuhan, China, atunci când a apărut un grup de persoane cu pneumonie de cauză necunoscută, a fost legat în principal de proprietarii de tarabe care lucrau la piața de pește Huanan, care vindeau și animale vii. Ulterior, oamenii de știință chinezi au izolat un nou coronavirus, denumit 2019-nCoV, care s-a dovedit a fi cel puțin 70% similar în secvența genelor SARS-CoV.[1][2] Coronavirusul 2019-nCoV a fost identificat în Wuhan, provincia Hubei, China, după ce oamenii au dezvoltat pneumonie fără să aibă o cauză clară și pentru care vaccinurile sau tratamentele existente nu au fost eficiente. Virusul prezintă dovezi de transmitere de la persoană la persoană, iar rata de transmitere (rata infecției)[3] pare să fi escaladat la jumătatea lunii ianuarie, aceasta reieșind și din alte cazuri decât cele pe care China le-a raportat până acum.[4] Primul caz de coronavirus din România a fost confirmat pe 26 februarie 2020 la un bărbat din județul Gorj.[5]
Perioada de incubație (perioada de la expunere până la apariția simptomelor) este de aproximativ două săptămâni, simptomele includ febră, tuse și dificultăți de respirație și ea poate fi fatală.[6]
Pe 20 ianuarie 2020, premierul chinez Li Keqiang a cerut eforturi decisive și eficiente pentru prevenirea și controlul epidemiei de pneumonie cauzată de un nou coronavirus.[7] Începând cu 24 ianuarie 2020, au avut loc 26 decese, toate în China și există dovezi că se transmite de la om la om. Testele ample au evidențiat peste 2120 de cazuri confirmate, dintre care unii sunt angajați în asistență medicală.[8] De asemenea, au fost semnalate cazuri confirmate în Thailanda, Coreea de Sud, Japonia, Taiwan, Macau, Hong Kong și Statele Unite.
La 23 ianuarie 2020, OMS a decis să nu declare o urgență internațională pentru sănătate.[9] OMS avertizase anterior că este posibil un focar mai larg,[10] există temeri de transmitere ulterioară în timpul sezonului maxim al Anului Nou Chinezesc.[11][12] Creșterea bruscă a focarelor de boală a ridicat întrebări cu privire la traficul de animale sălbatice, răspândirea virusului și incertitudinile legate de virus, indiferent dacă virusul a circulat mai devreme decât se credea anterior, originea și probabilitatea de a fi super-virale, adică un eveniment de răspândire majoră.[13][12][14]
Primele cazuri suspectate au fost raportate la 31 decembrie 2019,[15]primele cazuri de boală simptomatică apărând cu puțin peste trei săptămâni mai devreme la 8 decembrie 2019.[16] Piața a fost închisă la 1 ianuarie 2020 și persoanele care au prezentat semne și simptome ale infecției cu coronavirus erau izolate. Peste 9930 de persoane, care au intrat în contact strâns cu persoane posibil infectate, au fost inițial monitorizate. După dezvoltarea unui test de reacție de polimerizare în lanț de diagnostic specific pentru detectarea infecției, prezența 2019-nCoV a fost confirmată ulterior la 41 de persoane în clusterul din Wuhan,[17] dintre care două au fost ulterior raportate ca fiind un cuplu căsătorit, dintre care unul nu fusese prezenți pe piață și alți trei membri ai aceleiași familii care lucrau la standurile de fructe de mare ale pieței.[18][19] Prima moarte confirmată din cauza infecției cu coronavirus a avut loc la 9 ianuarie 2020.[20]
La 23 ianuarie 2020, centrul Wuhan a fost plasat în carantină, în care au fost suspendate toate mijloacele de transport în comun și din Wuhan. Orașele din apropiere Huanggang, Ezhou, Chibi, Jingzhou și Zhejiang au fost de asemenea plasate în carantină începând cu 24 ianuarie 2020.[21][22]
Context
Epidemiologie
Identificare
Cauze
Diagnostic
Prevenirea
Igiena respiratorie
Cercetări privind vaccinul și terapia
Gestionarea
În cultura populară
Referințe
STELLA MAEVE: American Mona Lisa mysterious, benevolent, smile
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Stella Maeve
Stella Maeve (born November 14, 1989) is an American film and television actress best known for her role of Julia Wicker in The Magiciansand of Nadia in Chicago P.D.[1]
Career
Maeve’s first feature film role was in the comedy-drama Transamerica(2005),[2] and she has since acted in the comedy Harold (2008),[2] and in the crime drama Brooklyn’s Finest(2009).[2] She has made appearances on multiple television series, including recurring roles on Gossip Girl (2008–09),[2] and House (2010–11).[2] She played Sandy West in the film The Runaways (2010), a drama about the 1970s all-girl rock band of the same name, alongside Kristen Stewart and Dakota Fanning.[2]
In 2013, she was cast as the younger sister of Det. Walter Clark (Theo James) in CBS‘s crime drama television series, Golden Boy.[3] In January 2014, Maeve began appearing on Chicago P.D. as Nadia.[4]Her character was killed off on a Chicago P.D. episode titled “The Number of Rats”, during a crossover event with Law & Order: Special Victims Unit and Chicago Fire.[5]
In 2014 she starred in the music video “Figure it out” by Royal Blood. Since 2015, she has starred as Julia Wicker in the Syfy TV series The Magicians.[2]In 2019 Stella returned to her Big Apple home to guest-star on an episode of the hit CBS drama (and NYC-based and filmed) God Friended Me.
Personal life
Stella Maeve has stated that she is Native American.[6] When asked for further details on her Instagram photo, she answered that she was “Blackfootand Cherokee.”[7]
In an April 2019 post to Reddit, Maeve confirmed that she is engaged to Deadly Class actor Benjamin Wadsworth. In August 2019, Maeve and Wadsworth revealed via social media that they are expecting their first child together, a baby girl. Jo Jezebel Wadsworth was born on January 29, 2020.[8]
Filmography
Film
Television
References
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Watch “Franz Schubert – Symphony No.7 in D-major, D.708a (1820/21)” on YouTube
Symphony No. 7 (Schubert)
Symphony by Franz Schubert
Symphony No. 7 is the name given to a four-movement symphony in E major (D 729) drafted by Franz Schubert in August 1821. Although the work (which comprises about 1350 bars) is structurally complete, Schubert only orchestrated the slow introduction and the first 110 bars of the first movement. The rest of the work is, however, continued on 14-stave score pages as a melodic line with occasional basses or counterpoints, giving clues as to changes in orchestral texture.
- For the Great C major Symphony, see Symphony No. 9 (Schubert).
Schubert seems to have laid the symphony aside in order to work on his opera Alfonso und Estrella, and never returned to it. The manuscript was given by Schubert’s brother Ferdinand to Felix Mendelssohn and was subsequently acquired by Sir George Grove, who bequeathed it to the Royal College of Music in London. There are at least three completions: by John Francis Barnett (1881), Felix Weingartner (1934) and Brian Newbould (1980). The work is now generally accepted to be Schubert’s Seventh Symphony, an appellation which some scholars had preferred to leave for the chimerical ‘Gastein Symphony’ that was long believed to have been written and lost in 1824.
Instrumentation
This symphony is scored for an even larger orchestral force than Schubert’s eighth and ninth symphonies. The score calls for double woodwinds, four horns, two trumpets, three trombones, timpani and strings.
Movements
- Schubert/Weingartner Symphony No. 7 in E major
- Adagio – Allegro
- Andante
- Scherzo: Allegro
- Allegro giusto
(The true marking is ffz rather than fz, but that is not available in LilyPond as implemented on Wikipedia.)
References
- Notes
- Sources
- Rothstein, Edward (1983-02-20). “Music Notes: Finishing Another Schubert Symphony”. The New York Times. Retrieved 2015-08-14.
Further reading
- Brian Newbould
- Schubert and the Symphony: a New Perspective [Paperback] (Toccata Press, 1992; paperback reissue 1999), ISBN 0907689272, ISBN 978-0-907689-26-3 – Hardback, ISBN 978-0-907689-27-0 – Paperback
- Schubert: the Music and the Man (Gollancz/University of California Press, 1997; paperback reissue 1999), ISBN 0520219570, ISBN 978-0520219571
- Christopher Howard Gibbs
- The Life of Schubert (Musical Lives) [Paperback], published by Cambridge University Press Paperback (April 28, 2000), ISBN 0521595126, ISBN 978-0521595124
- “Preface to Symphony in E (After Schubert’s complete manuscript of August 1821) ed. Felix Weingartner”. Musikproduktion Jurgen Hoflich. Archived from the original on 2014-07-02.
External links
- Symphony No.7, D.729: Scores at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
Coronavirus and the big sawn Chinese mouth over lifesaving mondiale information
Coronavirus and the big sawn Chinese mouth over lifesaving mondiale information
Constantin Brancuşi’s series of works titled The Kiss
Constantin Brancuşi’s series of works titled The Kiss
Constantin Brancuşi’s series of works titled The Kiss
Constantin Brancuşi’s series of works titled The Kiss
About the Sculpture:
Constantin Brancuşi’s series of works titled The Kiss constitutes one of the most celebrated depictions of love in the history of art. Utilizing a limestone block, the artist employed the method of direct carving to produce the incised contours that delineate the male and female forms. The juxtaposition of smooth and rough surfaces paired with the dramatic simplification of the human figures, which are shown from the waist up, may suggest Brancusi’s awareness of “primitive” African sculpture and perhaps also of the Cubist works of his contemporaries. The artist carved this sculpture specifically for John Quinn, the New York lawyer and art collector who had been interested in obtaining an earlier version of The Kiss (1907-8) that was no longer in the sculptor’s possession. When Quinn later inquired about the proper way to display his new acquisition, Brancusi responded that the work should be placed “just as it is, on something separate; for any kind of arrangement will have the look of an amputation. ” An archival photograph in the collection of the Philadelphia Museum of Art reveals that Louise and Walter Arensberg, who later acquired the piece, installed The Kiss atop the artist’s Bench (1914-16) beside six stone sculptures from their collection of Pre-Columbian art.
Melissa Kerr, from Masterpieces from the Philadelphia Museum of Art: Impressionism and Modern Art (2007), p. 164.
Democrats are “crooked” and “vicious” President Donald Trump
Democrats are “crooked” and “vicious” President Donald Trump
The newest demoncratic HATE GROUP: THE NO CLUE CLAN
The newest demoncratic HATE GROUP: THE NO CLUE CLAN
The newest demoncratic HATE GROUP: THE NO CLUE CLAN
The newest demoncratic HATE GROUP: THE NO CLUE CLAN
Socialism destroys nations, but always remember freedom unifies the soul (President Donald Trump)
Socialism destroys nations, but always remember freedom unifies the soul (President Donald Trump)
HEALTHY RELATIONS: WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN A PARTNER’S BEHAVIOR BEFORE BEING LEFT SPEACHLESS
HEALTHY RELATIONS: WHAT TO LOOK FOR IN A PARTNER’S BEHAVIOR BEFORE BEING LEFT SPEACHLESS
“THERE IS NO PASS TO HAPPINESS: HAPPINESS IS THE PASS” (BUDDHA)
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Tagged "THERE IS NO PASS TO HAPPINESS: HAPPINESS IS THE PASS" (BUDDHA)
List of compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Ludwig_van_Beethoven?wprov=sfla1
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List of compositions by Ludwig van Beethoven
Title page of Beethoven’s Symphonies from the Gesamtausgabe
The compositions of Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) consist of 722 works[1] written over forty-five years, from his earliest work in 1782 (variations for piano on a march by Ernst Christoph Dressler) when he was only twelve years old and still in Bonn, till his last work just before his death in Vienna in 1827. Beethoven composed in all the main genres of classical music, including symphonies, concertos, string quartets, piano sonatas and one opera. His works range from requiring a solo performer to needing a large orchestra and chorus to perform.
Beethoven straddled both the classical and romantic periods, working in genres associated with Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his teacher Joseph Haydn such as the piano concerto, string quartet and symphony, while on the other hand providing a precursor to Romantic composers such as Hector Berliozand Franz Liszt with programmatic works such as his Pastoral Symphonyand Piano Sonata “Les Adieux“[2]. Beethoven’s work is typically divided into three periods. The “Early” period where Beethoven composed in the “Viennese” style. The “Middle” or “Heroic” period where his work is characterised by struggle and heroism, such as in the EroicaSymphony, the Appassionata Sonataand in his sole opera Fidelio. Beethoven’s “Late” period is marked by intense, personal expression and an emotional and intellectual profundity. Although his output dropped drastically in his later years this period saw the composition of masterpieces such as the Late Quartets, the Final Five Piano Sonatas, the Diabelli Variations, the Missa Solemnis and his Ninth Symphony[3].
Beethoven’s works are classified by both genre and various numbering systems[4]. The most well known numbering system for Beethoven’s works is that by opus number, assigned by Beethoven’s publishers during his lifetime. Only 172 of Beethoven’s works have opus numbers, divided among 138 opus numbers. Many works that were unpublished or else published without opus numbers have been assigned either “WoO” (Werke ohne Opuszahl—works without opus number), Hess or Biamonti numbers. For example, the short piano piece “Für Elise“, is more fully known as the “Bagatelle in A minor, WoO 59 (‘Für Elise’)”. Some works are also commonly referred to by their nicknames, such as the Kreutzer Violin Sonata, or the ArchdukePiano Trio.
As well as these numbering systems, works are also often identified by their number within their genre. For example, the 14th string quartet, published as Opus 131, may be referenced either as “String Quartet No. 14” or “the Opus 131 String Quartet“. The listings include all of these relevant identifiers. While other catalogues of Beethoven’s worksexist, the numbers here represent the most commonly used.
List of works by genre
Beethoven’s works are published in several editions, the first of these was Ludwig van Beethovens Werke: Vollständige kritisch durchgesehene überall berechtigte Ausgabe published between 1862 and 1865 with a supplemental volume in 1888 by Breitkopf & Härtel, commonly known as the “Beethoven Gesamtausgabe” [GA]. While this was a landmark achievement at the time, the limitations of this edition soon became apparent. Between 1959 and 1971 Willy Hess prepared a supplemental edition, Beethoven: Sämtliche Werke: Supplemente zur Gesamtausgabe, [HS] containing works that were not in the Gesamtausgabe.
Since 1961 the Beethoven Archive has been publishing a new scholarly–critical Complete Edition of Beethoven’s works, Beethoven: Werke: neue Ausgabe sämtlicher Werke[5][NA]. However, only 42 of the projected 56 volumes have been published so far.[6] As this edition has not been published in full there are works without an NA designation.
Legend for publications – p: parts s: full score vs: vocal score
Orchestral music
Beethoven wrote nine symphonies, nine concertos, and a variety of other orchestral music, ranging from overtures and incidental music for theatrical productions to other miscellaneous “occasional” works, written for a particular occasion. Of the concertos, seven are widely known (one violin concerto, five piano concertos, and one triple concerto for violin, piano, and cello); the other two are an early piano concerto (WoO 4) and an arrangement of the Violin Concerto for piano and orchestra (Opus 61a).
Symphonies
Beethoven is believed to have intended to write a Tenth Symphony in the last year of his life; a performing version of possible sketches was assembled by Barry Cooper.[10]
Concertos
Best interpretations: Watch “Pathétique,Beethoven Sonata No. 8 in C minor Op. 13,”,Valentina Lisitsa,SHEET MUSIC” on YouTube
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Ludwig van Beethoven
Ludwig van Beethoven (/ˈlʊdvɪɡ vænˈbeɪt(h)oʊvən/ (
listen)
listen)listen); German: [ˈluːtvɪç fan ˈbeːthoːfn̩] (
listen
); baptised 17 December 1770[1] – 26 March 1827) was a German composerand pianist. A crucial figure in the transition between the classical and romantic eras in classical music, he is considered to be one of the greatest composers of all time.
Beethoven was born in Bonn, the capital of the Electorate of Cologne, and part of the Holy Roman Empire. He displayed his musical talents at an early age and was vigorously taught by his father Johann van Beethoven, and was later taught by composer and conductor Christian Gottlob Neefe. At age 21, he moved to Vienna and studied composition with Joseph Haydn. Beethoven then gained a reputation as a virtuoso pianist, and was soon courted by Karl Alois, Prince Lichnowsky for compositions, which resulted in Opus 1 in 1795.
The piece was a great critical and commercial success, and was followed by Symphony No. 1 in 1800. This composition was distinguished for its frequent use of sforzandi, as well as sudden shifts in tonal centers that were uncommon for traditional symphonic form, and the prominent, more independent use of wind instruments.[2] In 1801, he also gained notoriety for his six String Quartetsand for the ballet The Creatures of Prometheus. During this period, his hearing began to deteriorate, but he continued to conduct, premiering his third and fifth symphonies in 1804 and 1808, respectively. His condition worsened to almost complete deafness by 1811, and he then gave up performing and appearing in public.
During this period of self exile, Beethoven composed many of his most admired works; his seventhsymphony premiered in 1813, with its second movement, Allegretto, achieving widespread critical acclaim.[3] He composed the piece Missa Solemnis for a number of years until it premiered 1824, which preceded his ninth symphony, with the latter gaining fame for being among the first examples of a choral symphony.[4] In 1826, his fourteenth String Quartet was noted for having seven linked movements played without a break, and is considered the final major piece performed before his death a year later.
His career is conventionally divided into early, middle, and late periods; the “early” period is typically seen to last until 1802, the “middle” period from 1802 to 1812, and the “late” period from 1812 to his death in 1827. During his life, he composed nine symphonies; five piano concertos; one violin concerto; thirty-two piano sonatas; sixteen string quartets; two masses; and the opera Fidelio. Other works, like Für Elise, were discovered after his death, and are also considered historical musical achievements. Beethoven’s legacy is characterized for his innovative compositions, namely through the combinations of vocals and instruments, and also for widening the scope of sonata, symphony, concerto, and quartet,[5] while he is also noted for his troublesome relationship with his contemporaries.
Life and career
Background and early life
Watch “Berlioz – Symphonie fantastique, Op 14 – Jansons” on YouTube
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Just a thought: “Imagination is fearlessness applied, with mother’s courage as weapon.”
“Imagination is fearlessness applied, with mother’s courage as weapon.”
(© poetic thought by GeorgeB @ euzicasa)
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??????????? Answered (© poetic thought by GeorgeB @ euzicasa): “Time is capricious, love unclaimed transcends.”
https://euzicasa.wordpress.com/2013/02/14/st-valentines-day/
????????????? Answered (© poetic thought by GeorgeB @ euzicasa)
(© poetic thought by GeorgeB @ euzicasa)
Love, love, love,
is it love,
if one cannot embrace human vanity
or is it just plain silliness?
Should love be sang, declared,
or deep in one’s heart vault be contained,
no,
not like in a prison cell, but like
a precious ore not yet uncovered, claimed, explored…
not yet EXPLOITED, by anyone,
ever so well unclaimed,
it shines like the sum of all suns
Time is capricious, love unclaimed transcends.
(Posted Here )
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Christmas at Wikipedia
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File%3ANativityChristmasLights2.jpg
Christmas
Holiday originating in Christianity, usually celebrated on December 25 (in the Gregorian or Julian calendars)
Christmas is an annual festival commemorating the birth of Jesus Christ, observed primarily on December 25 as a religious and cultural celebration among billions of people around the world. A feast central to the Christian liturgical year, it is preceded by the season of Advent or the Nativity Fast and initiates the season of Christmastide, which historically in the West lasts twelve days and culminates on Twelfth Night; in some traditions, Christmastide includes an octave. Christmas Day is a public holiday in many of the world’s nations, is celebrated religiously by a majority of Christians, as well as culturally by many non-Christians, and forms an integral part of the holiday season centered around it.
The traditional Christmas narrative, the Nativity of Jesus, delineated in the New Testament says that Jesus was born in Bethlehem, in accordance with messianic prophecies. When Joseph and Mary arrived in the city, the inn had no room and so they were offered a stable where the Christ Child was soon born, with angels proclaiming this news to shepherds who then further disseminated the information.
Although the month and date of Jesus’ birth are unknown, the church in the early fourth century fixed the date as December 25. This corresponds to the date of the winter solstice on the Roman calendar. Most Christians celebrate on December 25 in the Gregorian calendar, which has been adopted almost universally in the civil calendars used in countries throughout the world. However, part of the Eastern Christian Churches celebrate Christmas on December 25 of the older Julian calendar, which currently corresponds to January 7 in the Gregorian calendar. For Christians, believing that God came into the world in the form of man to atone for the sins of humanity, rather than knowing Jesus’ exact birth date, is considered to be the primary purpose in celebrating Christmas.
The celebratory customs associated in various countries with Christmas have a mix of pre-Christian, Christian, and secular themes and origins. Popular modern customs of the holiday include gift giving; completing an Advent calendar or Advent wreath; Christmas music and caroling; viewing a Nativity play; an exchange of Christmas cards; church services; a special meal; and the display of various Christmas decorations, including Christmas trees, Christmas lights, nativity scenes, garlands, wreaths, mistletoe, and holly. In addition, several closely related and often interchangeable figures, known as Santa Claus, Father Christmas, Saint Nicholas, and Christkind, are associated with bringing gifts to children during the Christmas season and have their own body of traditions and lore. Because gift-giving and many other aspects of the Christmas festival involve heightened economic activity, the holiday has become a significant event and a key sales period for retailers and businesses. The economic impact of Christmas has grown steadily over the past few centuries in many regions of the world.
Etymology
“Christmas” is a shortened form of “Christ‘s mass“. The word is recorded as Crīstesmæsse in 1038 and Cristes-messe in 1131. Crīst (genitive Crīstes) is from Greek Khrīstos (Χριστός), a translation of Hebrew Māšîaḥ (מָשִׁיחַ), “Messiah“, meaning “anointed”; and mæsse is from Latin missa, the celebration of the Eucharist.
The form Christenmas was also historically used, but is now considered archaic and dialectal. The term derives from Middle English Cristenmasse, meaning “Christian mass”. Xmas is an abbreviation of Christmas found particularly in print, based on the initial letter chi (Χ) in Greek Khrīstos (Χριστός), “Christ”, though numerous style guides discourage its use. This abbreviation has precedent in Middle English Χρ̄es masse (where “Χρ̄” is an abbreviation for Χριστός).
Other names
In addition to “Christmas”, the holiday has been known by various other names throughout its history. The Anglo-Saxons referred to the feast as “midwinter”, or, more rarely, as Nātiuiteð (from Latin nātīvitās below). “Nativity“, meaning “birth”, is from Latin nātīvitās. In Old English, Gēola (Yule) referred to the period corresponding to December and January, which was eventually equated with Christian Christmas. “Noel” (or “Nowel”) entered English in the late 14th century and is from the Old French noël or naël, itself ultimately from the Latin nātālis (diēs) meaning “birth (day)”.
Nativity
The gospels of Luke and Matthew describe Jesus as being born in Bethlehem to the Virgin Mary. In Luke, Joseph and Mary travel from Nazareth to Bethlehem for the census, and Jesus is born there and laid in a manger. Angels proclaimed him a savior for all people, and shepherds came to adore him.
Matthew adds that the magi follow a star to Bethlehem to bring gifts to Jesus, born the king of the Jews. King Herod orders the massacre of all the boys less than two years old in Bethlehem, but the family flees to Egypt and later returns to Nazareth.
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Quote: Stop trying to leave…Lao Tzu
Quote: Stop trying to leave…Lao Tzu
A semi-legendary figure, Laozi was usually portrayed as a 6th-century BC contemporary of Confucius, but some modern historians consider him to have lived during the Warring States period of the 4th century BC. A central figure in Chinese culture, Laozi is claimed by both the emperors of the Tang dynasty and modern people of the Li surname as a founder of their lineage. Laozi’s work has been embraced by both various anti-authoritarian movements and Chinese Legalism.
Names
In traditional accounts, Laozi’s personal name is usually given as Li Er (李耳, Old *rəʔ nəʔ, Mod. Lǐ Ěr) and his courtesy name as Boyang (trad. 伯陽, simp. 伯阳, Old *Pˤrak-lang, Mod. Bóyáng). A prominent posthumous name was Li Dan (李聃, Lǐ Dān).
Laozi itself is a honorific title: 老 (Old *rˤu ʔ, “old, venerable”) and 子 (Old *tsəʔ, “master”). It has been romanized numerous ways, sometimes leading to confusion. The most common present form is Laozi or Lǎozǐ, based on the Hanyu Pinyin system adopted by Mainland China in 1958 and by Taiwan in 2009. During the 20th century, Lao-tzu was more common, based on the formerly prevalent Wade–Giles system. In the 19th century, the title was usually romanized as Lao-tse. Other forms include the variants Lao-tze and Lao-tsu.
As a religious figure, he is worshipped under the name “Supreme Old Lord“ (太上老君, Tàishàng Lǎojūn) and as one of the “Three Pure Ones“. During the Tang dynasty, he was granted the title “Supremely Mysterious and Primordial Emperor” (太上玄元皇帝, Tàishàng Xuānyuán Huángdì).
Historical views
In the mid-twentieth century, a consensus emerged among scholars that the historicity of the person known as Laozi is doubtful and that the Tao Te Ching was “a compilation of Taoist sayings by many hands”. Alan Watts urged more caution, holding that this view was part of an academic fashion for skepticism about historical spiritual and religious figures and stating that not enough would be known for years – or possibly ever – to make a firm judgment.
The earliest certain reference to the present figure of Laozi is found in